{"id":4480,"date":"2022-05-08T10:43:07","date_gmt":"2022-05-08T10:43:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\/"},"modified":"2022-05-08T10:43:07","modified_gmt":"2022-05-08T10:43:07","slug":"plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\/","title":{"rendered":"Plum tree cidia (Cydia funebrana).  Fruit damage and biological defense"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"penci-post-entry-inner\">\n<p>There <strong>cidia of the plum tree<\/strong> (<em><strong>Cydia funebrana<\/strong><\/em>) is an insect belonging to the order <em>Lepidoptera<\/em>family <em>Tortricidae<\/em>.  This parasite is also commonly known as <strong>plum moth<\/strong> And <strong>plum worm<\/strong>.<span id=\"more-22399\"><\/span>  The entomological classification is the same as for three other Lepidoptera with similar characteristics, namely the <u>Eastern peach moth<\/u> (<em>Cydia harasses<\/em>), the <u>cobweb of the apple tree<\/u> (<em>Cydia pomonella<\/em>) and the <u>chestnut worm<\/u> (<em>Cydia splendana<\/em>).  The tortricide <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em> it is probably native to central Europe, and is currently widespread in Italy.<\/p>\n<p>If not properly controlled, this cidia can compromise the whole <u>plum tree cultivation<\/u> of the year.  However, fortunately, there are biological techniques to limit their proliferation, and in this article we find out what they are.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-657\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad box-3 box-3657 adtester-container adtester-container-657\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-box-3\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-box-3-0\" ezaw=\"300\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:250px;min-width:300px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id=\"forum-4032719565\" class=\"forum-content-2 forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Descrizione_della_cidia_del_susino\">Description of the cidia of the plum tree<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload aligncenter size-full wp-image-22402\" alt=\"Plum tree cidia butterfly\" width=\"780\" height=\"477\" ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Plum-tree-cidia-Cydia-funebrana-Fruit-damage-and-biological-defense.jpg\"><br \/>There <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em>, when adult, it is a small butterfly, with a wingspan of 14-16 mm.  It has grayish front wings, with a blackish-brown background and whitish marbling.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Uova\">Egg<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The egg is lenticular in shape, initially opalescent in color, then yellowish.  Measures 0.75 x 0.6 mm.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-652\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad medrectangle-3 medrectangle-3652 adtester-container adtester-container-652\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-3\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-3-0\" ezaw=\"580\" ezah=\"400\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:400px;min-width:580px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id=\"forum-4002750536\" class=\"forum-content forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Larva\">Larva<\/span><\/h3>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload aligncenter size-full wp-image-22403\" alt=\"Larvadi cidia of the plum tree\" width=\"780\" height=\"467\" ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/1652006587_771_Plum-tree-cidia-Cydia-funebrana-Fruit-damage-and-biological-defense.jpg\"><br \/>The larva, that is the plum tree worm, at full maturity measures about 12-15 mm.  The color is carmine red, the head is dark.  The pronotum presents, clearly visible, some dark spots.  The abdomen has 4 dorsal hair warts on each segment.<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"ezoic-autoinsert-ad ezoic-mid_content\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Crisalide\">Chrysalis<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The chrysalis is light brown or reddish in color.  It has the end adorned with a dozen small spines and the cremaster equipped with hooked bristles.  Measures 6-7mm in length.<\/p><div id=\"forum-3483853804\" class=\"forum-content-3 forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Le_piante_attaccate_dalla_cidia_del_susino\">Plants attacked by the cidia of the plum tree<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em> is a parasite that almost exclusively affects the plum tree, attacks on other stone fruit, such as <u>peach<\/u>, <u>apricot<\/u> And <u>Cherry tree<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Come_accorgersi_della_presenza_della_cidia\">How to notice the presence of the cidia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The attack on the fruit by the larvae of the <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em> it is recognized by the escape of rubbery substances from the inlet and outlet holes.  Another symptom is an early coloration concentrated only in one part of the fruit.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"I_danni_della_cidia_sulle_susine\">The damage of cidia on plums<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The damage of the cidia is concentrated on the fruits, in particular on the pulp, on which the larvae feed.  It is necessary to distinguish the damage on immature plums (first generation) from those on ripe fruit (subsequent generations).<br \/>On the newly attached plums, the larvae dig a direct tunnel to the point of attachment of the peduncle, causing the fruit to fall off prematurely.<br \/>On nearly ripe plums, the larvae tunnel around the core.  If the ripening of the affected fruit is far away, also in this case, the fruit falls.  Otherwise, on ripe plums, the worm will be encountered at the time of consumption.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Danni_indiretti\">Indirect damage<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The attacks of <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em> they can also cause indirect damage.  The holes dug by the larvae represent the entry route for dangerous fungal pathogens, in particular the agents responsible for <u>monilia of the stone fruit<\/u>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Varieta_di_susino_suscettibili_alla_cidia\">Varieties of plum trees susceptible to cidia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The plum cultivars most susceptible to attacks by the cidia are those with late ripening, for example the varieties <em>President<\/em>, <em>Stanley<\/em> And <em>Angeleno<\/em>.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-650\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad box-4 box-4650 adtester-container adtester-container-650\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-box-4\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-box-4-0\" ezaw=\"580\" ezah=\"400\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:400px;min-width:580px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Ciclo_di_vita_della_cidia_del_susino\">Life cycle of the plum tree cidia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The cidia of the plum tree spends the winter at the stage of mature larva in diapause, usually taking refuge within the scales of the bark of the tree.  In March-April these larvae crystallize, with the first flight of the adults occurring in the phenological phase of post-setting, when the plums are larger than a cherry stone.  From this moment, the flickers are continuous until the end of May or the beginning of June.<br \/>Fertilized females lay eggs for about a month.  The eggs, 60-80 on average, are laid more or less isolated on the lower half of the drupes.<br \/>Embryonic development occurs in 9-18 days, depending on the temperatures.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Prima_generazione\">First generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>As soon as they are born, the first generation larvae penetrate the fruit.  They reach maturity in 24-32 days inside plums that have now fallen to the ground, and then crystallize in the trunk of the tree or on the ground.  New adults flicker after 10-13 days.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-663\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad banner-1 banner-1663 adtester-container adtester-container-663\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-banner-1\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-banner-1-0\" ezaw=\"300\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:250px;min-width:300px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Seconda_generazione\">Second generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The flight of the second generation therefore takes place from mid-July and throughout August.  These larvae have a shorter embryonic development, 6-11 days, and reach maturity in 20-24 days.  These are also the larvae that survive the winter by creating a silky cocoon inside a safe shelter.<br \/>In particularly favorable years from the weather point of view, there may even be 3 generations.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-655\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Antagonisti_naturali_della_cidia_del_susino\">Natural antagonists of the plum cidia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Fortunately, there are gods in nature <u>beneficial insects<\/u> which limit infestations of <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em>in particular parasitoids: <em><u>Trichogramma spp.<\/u><\/em>  And <em><u>Dibrachys cavus<\/u><\/em>  (chalcidoid hymenoptera), <em><u>Ascogaster quadridentatus<\/u><\/em>  (braconid hymenoptera), <em><u>Lissonota artemisiae<\/u><\/em>  (Ichneumonid hymenoptera).<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Come_prevenire_la_cidia_del_susino\">How to prevent plum cidia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The biological defense strategy against the plum cidia must be carefully thought out.  First of all, if you have not yet planted your plum trees and you are aware of the presence of this parasite, orient your choice towards early ripening cultivars, less susceptible to late ripening ones.<br \/>The defense of the fruits begins with the monitoring of the flight of the adults, with the <u>pheromone traps<\/u> to be installed in the orchard in April.  In a small orchard, even a single trap is enough.  Obviously, when buying from the best agricultural consortia or online, you must ask for the trap with specific pheromone for <em>Cydia funebrana<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Come_eliminare_la_cidia_del_susino\">How to eliminate the cidia of the plum tree<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Keep in mind that the first larval generation does not generally require interventions with specific treatments.  As mentioned, the damages are limited and cause fruit drops.  More attention, on the other hand, must be paid to the second generation, the one capable of infesting ripening plums.  In this case, an intervention threshold is established: if the capture in pheromone traps exceeds 10 individuals per week, then interventions based on <u>bacillus thuringiensis<\/u> var.  kurstaki that <u>found in specialized stores<\/u>.<br \/>The treatment tries to hit the larvae and must be repeated if necessary, always following the flight of the adults and taking into account the times of embryonic development.<\/p>\n<p><span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-689\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad large-mobile-banner-1 large-mobile-banner-1689 adtester-container adtester-container-689\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-1\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-1-0\" ezaw=\"728\" ezah=\"90\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:90px;min-width:728px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There cidia of the plum tree (Cydia funebrana) is an insect belonging to the order Lepidopterafamily Tortricidae. This parasite is also commonly known as plum moth And plum worm. The entomological classification is the same as for three other Lepidoptera with similar characteristics, namely the Eastern peach moth (Cydia harasses), the cobweb of the apple [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4481,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[67,68],"class_list":["post-4480","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gardening","tag-gardening","tag-italian-garden","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Plum tree cidia (Cydia funebrana). Fruit damage and biological defense - Sbenny\u2019s Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Plum tree cidia (Cydia funebrana). Fruit damage and biological defense - Sbenny\u2019s Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"There cidia of the plum tree (Cydia funebrana) is an insect belonging to the order Lepidopterafamily Tortricidae. This parasite is also commonly known as plum moth And plum worm. The entomological classification is the same as for three other Lepidoptera with similar characteristics, namely the Eastern peach moth (Cydia harasses), the cobweb of the apple [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Sbenny\u2019s Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sbennymods\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-05-08T10:43:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Cydia-funebrana-e1651853486619.jpg?v=1652006587\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"739\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Philip Owell\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Philip Owell\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"5 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/forum.sbenny.com\\\/blog\\\/gardening\\\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\\\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/forum.sbenny.com\\\/blog\\\/gardening\\\/plum-tree-cidia-cydia-funebrana-fruit-damage-and-biological-defense\\\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Philip Owell\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/forum.sbenny.com\\\/blog\\\/#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/a77e10c2915dc8fe75aab9f446e1f0dc\"},\"headline\":\"Plum tree cidia (Cydia funebrana). 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