{"id":681,"date":"2022-04-06T14:56:19","date_gmt":"2022-04-06T14:56:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/trees\/other-trees\/olive-moth-prays-oleae\/"},"modified":"2022-04-06T14:56:19","modified_gmt":"2022-04-06T14:56:19","slug":"olive-moth-prays-oleae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/trees\/other-trees\/olive-moth-prays-oleae\/","title":{"rendered":"Olive moth (Prays oleae)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p> <br \/>\n<\/p>\n<div id=\"penci-post-entry-inner\">\n<p>One of the most harmful pests for olive groves is the <strong>olive moth<\/strong>.  It is present everywhere in the olive groves, especially in the areas overlooking the sea.  This parasite, also known as <strong><em>Prays oleae<\/em><\/strong>has a very complex life cycle, in which several generations are distinguished.<span id=\"more-11154\"><\/span>  It is important to know the differences that exist between one generation and another, in order to understand exactly when to intervene with the methods allowed in organic farming.<br \/>Of course, the first thing to do is careful monitoring to check for the presence of the insect on our olives.<\/p>\n<p>In this article we will look at all these different aspects.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-657\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad box-3 box-3657 adtester-container adtester-container-657\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-box-3\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-box-3-0\" ezaw=\"250\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:250px;min-width:250px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id=\"forum-2957959010\" class=\"forum-content-2 forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Descrizione_della_tignola_dellolivo\">Description of the olive moth<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload alignleft size-full wp-image-11166\" alt=\"adult olive moth\" width=\"336\" height=\"280\"   ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3 srcset\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Olive-moth-Prays-oleae.jpg\">There <strong><em>Prays oleae<\/em><\/strong>  is an insect of the order of <em>Lepidoptera<\/em>family of <em>Hyponoumeutides<\/em>.<br \/>Due to its small size as an adult butterfly it is considered a micro-moth, as well as the best known <u>absoluta suit<\/u> of the tomato.<br \/>Attach the <u>olive tree crops<\/u>, and when fully ripe it looks like a butterfly with a wingspan of about 14 mm.  With the wings closed it is long, more or less, 7 mm.<br \/>It has a very particular livery, easy to recognize.  The color is silvery gray, with evident black spots on the front wings.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Uova_di_tignola\">Moth eggs<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The <strong>eggs of this olive moth<\/strong> they are tiny.  They measure approximately 0.5mm in diameter and are oval in shape.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-652\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad medrectangle-3 medrectangle-3652 adtester-container adtester-container-652\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-3\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-3-0\" ezaw=\"580\" ezah=\"400\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:400px;min-width:580px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p><div id=\"forum-3571773382\" class=\"forum-content forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h3><span id=\"Larve_di_tignola\">Moth larvae<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The moth larvae, the ones that cause damage on olives, are 7-8 mm long when fully developed.  They are greenish-brown in color, tending towards light.<br \/>On the back they have greenish bands, while on the side they have 2 yellowish bands.<br \/>The head has a variable color from brown to black.  Before reaching full development, the larva goes through 5 growth stages, in which its head gets bigger.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"La_crisalide_della_tignola\">The chrysalis of the moth<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Finally, the chrysalises, up to 6 mm long, brown in color and sub-conical in shape.<\/p><div id=\"forum-84498371\" class=\"forum-content-3 forum-entity-placement\">\t\t<div class=\"ad-wrapper\" style=\"width:100%;min-height:250px;text-align:center\">\r\n\t\t\t<!-- In Article Blog -->\r\n\t\t\t<ins class=\"adsbygoogle\"\r\n\t\t\t\t style=\"display:block; text-align:center;\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-layout=\"in-article\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-format=\"fluid\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-client=\"ca-pub-3476569516614521\"\r\n\t\t\t\t data-ad-slot=\"9829044906\"><\/ins>\r\n\t\t\t<script>\r\n\t\t\t\t (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});\r\n\t\t\t<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div><\/div>\n<h2><span id=\"Stadi_di_vita_della_tignola_dellolivo\">Life stages of the olive moth<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload aligncenter size-full wp-image-11167\" alt=\"Olive moth larva\" width=\"750\" height=\"480\"   ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3 srcset\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Olive-moth-Prays-oleae.jpeg\"><br \/>Monophagous insects are those that grow and feed on the damage of a single plant species.  The olive moth is a species that belongs to this category.  Obviously, the plant affected by this parasite is the olive tree.<br \/>The <strong>moth turns 3 generations in a year<\/strong>each of which completes its cycle on a different vegetative organ.<br \/>Here&#8217;s what they are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>First generation <em>antofoga<\/em>borne by the flowers;<\/li>\n<li>Second generation <em>carpophagus<\/em>to the detriment of the fruits;<\/li>\n<li>Third generation <em>phyllofoga<\/em>wintering on <u>olive leaves<\/u>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The adults overwinter at the chrysalis stage and begin to flicker in spring, when the tree differentiates the flower buds.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-658\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad medrectangle-4 medrectangle-4658 adtester-container adtester-container-658 ezoic-ad-adaptive\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-4\"><span class=\"ezoic-ad medrectangle-4 medrectangle-4-multi-658 adtester-container adtester-container-658\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-4\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-4-0\" ezaw=\"290\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:250px;min-width:290px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad medrectangle-4 medrectangle-4-multi-658 adtester-container adtester-container-658\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-4\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-medrectangle-4-0_1\" ezaw=\"290\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;min-height:250px;min-width:290px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<style><![CDATA[.medrectangle-4-multi-658{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:15px!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important;margin-top:15px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}]]><\/style>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Prima_generazione\">First generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>At this stage, the <strong>moths lay eggs<\/strong> on the calyx of the flower and after 10-15 days the first larvae emerge.  These enter the flowers, remove the pollen and, in the last stage of development, penetrate the internal organs.  They are very active and attack up to 15 flowers, wrapping them with a thin silk thread.  This makes the affected flower very visible.<br \/>The first generation larva completes its development in about a month.  Then it cryss into the tree&#8217;s tissues and flickers after 10-15 days, kicking off the second generation.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Seconda_generazione\">Second generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>This <strong>generation of olive moth is the most harmful<\/strong> for oil production, as it occurs in the fruit growth phase, putting the <u>olive harvest<\/u>.<br \/>The adult butterflies ovide on the calyx of the small fruits, near the peduncle.<br \/>After less than 1 week, the new larvae are born, which penetrate deep into the olive.<br \/>Once their development is finished, a further crysalidation takes place, which often takes place inside the olives.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Terza_generazione\">Third generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In September, the adults of the last generation of olive moth, the wintering one, flicker.  These butterflies lay their eggs on the upper side of the leaves, within which they go through the 5 stages of development.  This causes considerable erosions on the canopy.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-650\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad box-4 box-4650 adtester-container adtester-container-650\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-box-4\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-box-4-0\" ezaw=\"250\" ezah=\"250\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:90px;min-width:728px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"I_danni_della_tignola_sugli_ulivi\">The damage of the moth on olive trees<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_11169\" style=\"width:810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11169\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload size-full wp-image-11169\" alt=\"Damage on leaf\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\"   ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3 srcset\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1649256979_904_Olive-moth-Prays-oleae.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11169\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Damage of the olive moth<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>There <strong>olive moth causes damage<\/strong> can be evaluated differently, depending on the intensity of the infestation.  In addition, the damage also varies depending on the generation that does it.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"I_danni_delle_prima_generazione\">The damage of the first generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The attack of the generation of <strong>antofoga olive tree moth<\/strong> (the one that affects the flowers), varies from a few flowers attached to the field, up to values \u200b\u200bof up to 90%.  It is easy to understand how the extent of the damage is very variable.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-663\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"I_danni_della_seconda_generazione\">The damage of the second generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The attack of the larvae of the generation of <strong>carpophagous olive moth<\/strong> (the one that damages the fruit) are the most feared.  This is especially true as they cause the olives to drop early.  This happens in two distinct moments:<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-655\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>from June to July, when the larva enters the fruit;<\/li>\n<li>and from September to October, when the moth larva becomes crystalline.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In the first phase, it is necessary to understand if the drop is due to the attacks of the moth or to natural thinning.  The phenomenon could in fact depend, for example, on high temperatures and long periods of drought.<br \/>In the second period, the olives close to harvest fall.  In this phase, the concern of the olive grower is high, since it is difficult to intervene with decisive treatments.<\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"I_danni_della_terza_generazione\">The damage of the third generation<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>The third generation larva, the <strong>olive moth phyllofoga<\/strong> (the wintering one that erodes the leaves), causes damage to the vegetation by limiting the photo-synthetic activity.  From an operational point of view, it does not raise concerns such as to justify defense interventions.  However, as it is easy to guess, it is the basis of future problems.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Fattori_naturali_che_ostacolano_lo_sviluppo_della_tignola_dellolivo\">Natural factors that hinder the development of the olive moth<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The olive moth, in its various phases, develops in mild climatic conditions.<br \/>In very hot summer seasons, with daytime temperatures always above 30 \u00b0 C and high humidity, there is the natural death of eggs and larvae.<br \/>The chrysalises, on the other hand, manage to survive even above 40 \u00b0 C.<br \/>Another natural limiting factor is observed in the carpofoga generation of the olive moth.  As mentioned, the small attached olives fall off.  With the death of the fruit, however, also the larva inside it perishes.<\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"I_predatori_della_tignola_che_colpisce_lolivo\">The predators of the moth that affects the olive tree<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There <strong>olive moth<\/strong> has <u>numerous natural enemies<\/u>which we can define <u>beneficial insects<\/u> in the olive grove system.  I&#8217;m <u>several studies<\/u> which demonstrate its effectiveness.<br \/>Unfortunately, the use of chemical pesticides, so widespread in conventional agriculture, limits the presence of this moth&#8217;s natural predators.  And this makes their action insufficient.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-651\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><\/p>\n<h3><span id=\"Elenco_degli_insetti_antagonisti_della_tignola_dellolivo\">List of antagonistic insects of the olive moth<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>Let&#8217;s see the<strong>list of antagonistic insects of the olive moth<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Hymenoptera <em>Clelonus elaphilus<\/em> And <em>Ageniaspis fuscicollis var.  praysincola<\/em>.  They are able to parasitize the eggs of all 3 generations of the moth.<\/li>\n<li>Hymenoptera <em><u>Apantheles xantostigma<\/u><\/em>, <em><u>Elasmus stefani<\/u><\/em>  And <em>Itoplectis alternans<\/em>.  They too parasitize a high number of eggs.<\/li>\n<li>Chrysopid <em>Chrysoperla carnea<\/em>.  It is a predator of moth larvae.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Monitorare_la_tignola_dellolivo\">Monitor the olive moth<\/span><\/h2>\n<div id=\"attachment_11168\" style=\"width:810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-11168\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"ezlazyload size-full wp-image-11168\" alt=\"Chrysalis of Prays oleae\" width=\"800\" height=\"480\"   ezimgfmt=\"rs rscb3 src ng ngcb3 srcset\" src=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/1649256979_600_Olive-moth-Prays-oleae.jpg\"><\/p>\n<p id=\"caption-attachment-11168\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Chrysalis of Prays oleae<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>As we have seen for the <u>oil fly<\/u>the <strong>monitoring of the olive moth<\/strong> it can be done thanks to <strong>pheromone traps<\/strong>.  These traps intercept the males of the species and give us indications on the flight curves of the different generations.<br \/>The problem, in the case of our parasite, is that the sex pheromone trap method does not give an exact indication of the total number of the population present.  Not having good precision, therefore, this technique cannot be used for mass trapping.  In fact, where it has been tested, it has given poor results.<br \/>Anyway, <u>pheromone trap like this one<\/u> it gives us knowledge of the presence of the moth, and therefore it is appropriate to use it.<br \/>The <strong>monitoring of the moth on olives<\/strong> it can also be done visually, especially in the case of the carpophagous generation.<br \/>Fruits can be sampled in two ways:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>evaluating the early drop;<\/li>\n<li>by transversely cutting a small sample of olives on the tree suspected of being attacked by the moth.  This way you can tell if there are eggs or larvae in the olive.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><span id=\"Come_prevenire_la_tignola_dellolivo\">How to prevent olive moth<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Unfortunately for <strong>prevent olive moth<\/strong> there aren&#8217;t many roads to take.<br \/>When planting a new olive grove, in an area where we know that the insect is present, we must choose small drupe varieties.  The small olives, in fact, make life more difficult for the moth.  Furthermore, the attack has less impact on the total number of olives present on the tree.<br \/>For soil management, the technique of<u>grassing<\/u> to processing., so as to favor the presence of useful insects.<br \/>There <u>olive tree pruning<\/u> it must not be too intense in areas at risk of attack.  This is because, otherwise, the few olives on the tree, in the season following pruning, are exposed to a greater possibility of infestation.<br \/>Pruning, therefore, must always be balanced, to meet both the production needs and those of pest defense.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-124\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad leader-2 leader-2124 adtester-container adtester-container-124\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-leader-2\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-leader-2-0\" ezaw=\"336\" ezah=\"280\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:280px;min-width:336px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span id=\"Combattere_la_tignola_dellolivo_con_il_bacillus_thuringiensis\">Fighting the olive moth with Bacillus thuringiensis<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>There <strong>fight against olive moth<\/strong> is carried out with the use of <u>bacillus thuringiensis<\/u>biological insecticide we have already told you about.<br \/>The most effective strains against this insect are:<\/p>\n<p>It is usually not recommended to intervene on the antofoga generation of moth, unless the percentage of infested flowers is not higher than 45%.<br \/>It is the carpofoga generation that is the most harmful and against which action must be taken.<br \/>The intervention threshold, in this case, is fixed in 15% of the infested fruit.  The best time to operate is that of the hatching of the eggs, when the small larvae have not yet entered the fruit.<br \/>Once inside, in fact, everything is ineffective, as Bacillus thuringiensis acts only by ingestion.<span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-125\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad large-mobile-banner-2 large-mobile-banner-2125 adtester-container adtester-container-125\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-2\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-2-0\" ezaw=\"336\" ezah=\"280\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:280px;min-width:336px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-689\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"><\/span><span class=\"ezoic-ad large-mobile-banner-1 large-mobile-banner-1689 adtester-container adtester-container-689\" data-ez-name=\"coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-1\"><span id=\"div-gpt-ad-coltivazionebiologica_it-large-mobile-banner-1-0\" ezaw=\"336\" ezah=\"280\" style=\"position:relative;z-index:0;display:inline-block;padding:0;width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;min-height:280px;min-width:336px\" class=\"ezoic-ad\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>One of the most harmful pests for olive groves is the olive moth. It is present everywhere in the olive groves, especially in the areas overlooking the sea. This parasite, also known as Prays oleaehas a very complex life cycle, in which several generations are distinguished. It is important to know the differences that exist [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":682,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[68,71,72],"class_list":["post-681","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-other-trees","tag-italian-garden","tag-olive-grove","tag-other-trees","entry","has-media"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Olive moth (Prays oleae) - Sbenny\u2019s Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/forum.sbenny.com\/blog\/gardening\/trees\/other-trees\/olive-moth-prays-oleae\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Olive moth (Prays oleae) - Sbenny\u2019s Blog\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"One of the most harmful pests for olive groves is the olive moth. It is present everywhere in the olive groves, especially in the areas overlooking the sea. This parasite, also known as Prays oleaehas a very complex life cycle, in which several generations are distinguished. 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